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    Advancing of 3D-Printed Titanium Implants with Combined Antibacterial Protection Using Ultrasharp Nanostructured Surface and Gallium-Releasing Agents

    Year: 2022

    Journal: ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng., Volume 8, JAN, page 314–327

    Authors: Maher, Shaheer; Linklater, Denver; Rastin, Hadi; Liao, Sandy Tzu-Ying; de Sousa, Karolinne Martins; Lima-Marques, Luis; Kingshott, Peter; Thissen, Helmut; Ivanova, Elena P.; Losic, Dusan

    Organizations: Australian Research Council (ARC) [IH 15000003]; Australian Government Training Program Scholarship; Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Research Hubs Scheme (ARC Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing) [IH130100017]; ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) scheme [IC180100005]; School of Chemical Engineering at the University of Adelaide; Forrest George and Sandra Lynne Young Supplementary Scholarship

    Keywords: titanium implants; antibacterial surfaces; osseointegration; additive manufacturing; selective laser melting; electrochemical anodization; hydrothermal; gallium nitrate

    This paper presents the development of advanced Ti implants with enhanced antibacterial activity. The implants were engineered using additive manufacturing three-dimensional (3D) printing technology followed by surface modification with electrochemical anodization and hydrothermal etching, to create unique hierarchical micro/nanosurface topographies of microspheres covered with sharp nanopillars that can mechanically kill bacteria in contact with the surface. To achieve enhanced antibacterial performance, fabricated Ti implant models were loaded with gallium nitrate as an antibacterial agent. The antibacterial efficacy of the fabricated substrates with the combined action of sharp nanopillars and locally releasing gallium ions (Ga3+) was evaluated toward Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results confirm the significant antibacterial performance of Ga3+-loaded substrates with a 100% eradication of bacteria. The nanopillars significantly reduced bacterial attachment and prevented biofilm formation while also killing any bacteria remaining on the surface. Furthermore, 3D-printed surfaces with microspheres of diameter 5-30 mu m and interspaces of 12-35 mu m favored the attachment of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells, as confirmed via the assessment of their attachment, proliferation, and viability. This study provides important progress toward engineering of next-generation 3D-printed implants, that combine surface chemistry and structure to achieve a highly efficacious antibacterial surface with dual cytocompatibility to overcome the limitations of conventional Ti implants.
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