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    Surface and thermal properties of synthesized cationic poly(ethylene oxide) gemini surfactants: the role of the spacer

    Year: 2019

    Journal: RSC Adv., Volume 9, SEP 25, page 30154–30163

    Authors: Hussain, S. M. Shakil; Kamal, Muhammad Shahzad; Solling, Theis; Murtaza, Mobeen; Fogang, Lionel Talley

    Organizations: College of Petroleum Engineering & Geoscience (CPG) at KFUPM; University of Texas at Austin

    The solubility and heat stability of surfactants are the prerequisites for their oilfield applications. Most commercial surfactants undergo hydrolysis at high temperature and prolonged heating at 40 degrees C or above leads to decomposition. In this report, three cationic poly(ethylene oxide) gemini surfactants (GSs) containing flexible and rigid spacers were synthesized for oilfield applications. The chemical structures of the GSs were elucidated with the aid of C-13 NMR, H-1 NMR, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF MS. The GSs exhibit pronounced solubility in deionized water, seawater, and formation brine and no cloudiness, phase separation, or precipitation were detected after keeping GS solutions in an oven at 90 degrees C for three weeks. According to thermal gravimetric analysis, the degradation temperature of all the GSs was above 240 degrees C, which is higher than the existing oilfield temperature (>= 90 degrees C). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the synthesized GSs decreases upon increasing the temperature. Additionally, CMC values were observed to increase even further with increasing salinity. The low CMC values of gemini surfactants containing a flexible structure indicate that they create a more closely packed micelle structure compared with gemini surfactants with a rigid structure. The distinct surface and thermal features of the synthesized GSs reveal them to be appropriate materials for high salinity and elevated temperature reservoirs.
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