Conventional thin-film composite (TFC) membranes suffer from the trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity, known as the upper bound. In this work, we report a high performance thin-film composite membrane prepared on a tannic acid (TA)-Fe nanoscaffold (TFCn) to overcome such upper bound. Specifically, a TA-Fe nanoscaffold was first coated onto a polysulfone substrate, followed by performing an interfacial polymerization reaction between trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and piperazine (PIP). The TA-Fe nanoscaffold enhanced the uptake of amine monomers and provided a platform for their controlled release. The smaller surface pore size of the TA-Fe coated substrate further eliminated the intrusion of polyamide into the substrate pores. The resulting membrane TFCn showed a water permeability of 19.6 +/- 0.5 L m(2-) h(-1) bar(-1), which was an order of magnitude higher than that of control TFC membrane (2.2 +/- 0.3 L m(-2) h(-1) bar(-1)). The formation of a more order polyamide rejection layer also significantly enhanced salt rejection (e.g., NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, and MgSO4) and divalent to monovalent ion selectivity (e.g., NaCl/MgSO4). Compared to conventional TFC nanofiltration membranes, the novel TFCn membrane successfully overcame the longstanding permeability and selectivity trade-off. The current work paves a new avenue for fabricating high performance TFC membranes.
