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    A Fast Method to Produce Strong NFC Films as a Platform for Barrier and Functional Materials

    Year: 2013

    Journal: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2013, 5 (11), pp 4640–4647, 20131119

    Authors: Monika Österberg *1,, Jari Vartiainen 2, Jessica Lucenius 1, Ulla Hippi 3, Jukka Seppälä 3, Ritva Serimaa4,, and Janne Laine 1

    Organizations: 1: Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Forest Products Technology, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, 2: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Biologinkuja 7, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000 FI-02044 VTT, Finland, 3: Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Polymer Technology Group, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, 4: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Division of Materials Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    In this study, we present a rapid method to prepare robust, solvent-resistant, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films that can be further surface-modified for functionality. The oxygen, water vapor, and grease barrier properties of the films were measured, and in addition, mechanical properties in the dry and wet state and solvent resistance were evaluated. The pure unmodified NFC films were good barriers for oxygen gas and grease. At a relative humidity below 65%, oxygen permeability of the pure and unmodified NFC films was below 0.6 cm3 μm m–2 d–1 kPa–1, and no grease penetrated the film. However, the largest advantage of these films was their resistance to various solvents, such as water, methanol, toluene, and dimethylacetamide. Although they absorbed a substantial amount of solvent, the films could still be handled after 24 h of solvent soaking. Hot-pressing was introduced as a convenient method to not only increase the drying speed of the films but also enhance the robustness of the films. The wet strength of the films increased due to the pressing. Thus, they can be chemically or physically modified through adsorption or direct chemical reaction in both aqueous and organic solvents. Through these modifications, the properties of the film can be enhanced, introducing, for example, functionality, hydrophobicity, or bioactivity. Herein, a simple method using surface coating with wax to improve hydrophobicity and oxygen barrier properties at very high humidity is described. Through this modification, the oxygen permeability decreased further and was below 17 cm3 μm m–2 d–1 kPa–1 even at 97.4% RH, and the water vapor transmission rate decreased from 600 to 40 g/m2 day. The wax treatment did not deteriorate the dry strength of the film. Possible reasons for the unique properties are discussed. The developed robust NFC films can be used as a generic, environmentally sustainable platform for functional materials.