DNA-Mediated Two-Dimensional Colloidal Crystallization above Different Attractive Surfaces

We explore the formation of “floating” two-dimensional colloidal crystals above weakly attractive surfaces that are either positively or negatively charged. In particular, we studied crystal formation above positively charged poly-l-lysine−poly(ethylene glycol) surfaces with and without short single-stranded DNA and above negatively charged bovine albumin serum−streptavidin multilayers. Confocal microscopy revealed the evolution of crystals several micrometers above all three surfaces. Interestingly, the “flying height” of crystals was found to depend on the surface coating. All crystalline structures remained remarkably stable over weeks, even under high salt conditions. Neither lifting the crystals nor lowering them by means of buoyancy forces destroyed them.