A series of new cyclopalladated arylimine compounds (3a-c, 4a-c) were synthesized and characterized. Their catalytic properties for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions in a homogeneous system were preliminarily investigated using water as solvent, in which no ligands, air isolation or assistant solvents were needed in cross-coupling reactions. The optimization of the homogeneous system provided a basis for research on the heterogeneous catalytic reaction catalyzed by ordered self-assembly films. Organized monolayers of 3a-c were prepared and utilized as C-C coupling catalysts. Monolayers of 3a-c were deposited using Langmuir-Blodgett techniques and analyzed using pi-A isotherms, UV-visible and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies and atomic force microscopy, which showed near orientation on the surface and stability under the optimized experimental conditions suitable for exploring Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions. The activity of immobilized 3cmonolayer is enhanced relative to homogeneous reaction, in which the ordered monolayers are efficient with a catalyst loading as low as 10(-5) mol%, turnover number as high as 79 200 and turnover frequency as high as 2640h(-1). The catalytic efficiency is 100 times higher than that in the homogeneous case using the same amount and ratio of reagent. The increased activity of immobilized 3c monolayer is due to a combination of its structure and changes in conformation when deposited onto the substrate. The topographic changes of catalyst films, stability of films and catalytic activity were investigated with atomic force microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, from which a heterogeneous catalytic mechanismfor Suzuki coupling reaction is proposed. The study demonstrates that careful monolayer studies can provide useful models for the design and study of supported molecular catalyst systems. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
