Piezoelectric immunosensor for direct and rapid detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) at the ng level

A direct, label-free immunosensor was designed for the rapid detection and quantification of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in buffered solutions using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM -D) as transduction method. The sensing layer including the anti-SEA antibody was constructed by chemisorption of a self-assembled monolayer of cysteamine on the gold electrodes placed over the quartz crystal sensor followed by activation of the surface amino groups with the rigid homobifunctional cross-linker 1,4-phenylene diisothiocyanate (PDITC) and covalent linking of binding protein (protein A or protein G). Four anti-SEA antibodies (two of which from commercial source) have been selected to set up the most sensitive detection device. With the optimized sensing layer, a standard curve for the direct assay of SEA was established from QCM -D responses within a working range of 50–1000 or 2000 ng ml−1 with a detection limit of 20 ng ml−1. The total time for analysis was 15 min. Using a sandwich type assay, the response was ca. twice higher and consequently the lowest measurable concentration dropped down to 7 ng ml−1 for a total assay time of 25 min.