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    Dual-Stage Blue-Light-Guided Membrane and DNA-Targeted Photodynamic Inactivation Using Octyl Gallate for Ultraefficient Eradication of Planktonic Bacteria and Sessile Biofilms

    Journal: J. Agric. Food Chem., Volume 70, JUN 10, page 7547–7565

    Authors: Shi, Yu-gang; Lin, Shan; Chen, Wen-xuan; Jiang, Lai; Gu, Qing; Li, Dong-hui; Chen, Yue-wen

    Organizations: Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project [LGJ19C200001]; Education Commission of ZhejiangProvince of China [Y202044877]; Academic Exchanges and Talent Training Program [2017SICR109]

    Keywords: octyl gallate; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; photodynamic inactivation; antimicrobial mechanism; reactive oxidative species; membrane proteins; biofilm

    This study aimed to investigate the synergistic bactericidal activity and mechanism of dual-stage light-guided membrane and DNA-targeted photodynamic inactivation (PDI) by the combination of blue light (BL, 420 nm) and the food additive octyl gallate (OG) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in planktonic and biofilm growth modes. While OG serves as an outstanding exogenous photosensitizer, the planktonic cells were not visibly detectable after the OG-mediated PDI treatment with 0.2 mM OG within 15 min (191.7 J/cm(2)), and its biofilm was nearly eradicated within 60 min (383.4 J/cm(2)). Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was more susceptible to the PDI than Gram-negative V. parahaemolyticus. The cellular wall and proteins, as well as DNA, were the vulnerable targets for PDI. The membrane integrity could be initially disrupted by OG bearing a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail via transmembrane insertion. The enhancement of OG uptake due to the first-stage light-assisted photochemical internalization (PCI) promoted the accumulation of OG in cells. It further boosted the second-stage light irradiation of the photosensitizer-inducing massive cell death. Upon the second-stage BL irradiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated through the OG-mediated PDI in situ could extensively deconstruct membranes, proteins, and DNA, as well as biofilms, while OG could be activated by BL to carry out photochemical reactions involving the formation of OG-bacterial membrane protein (BMP) covalent conjugates and the interactions with DNA This dual-stage light-guided subcellular dual-targeted PDI strategy exhibits encouraging effects on the eradication of planktonic bacteria and sessile biofilms, which provides a new insight into the development of an ultraeffective antimicrobial and biofilm removing/reducing technique to improve microbiological safety in the food industry.
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