Here you can find information about the following standards:
This standard is useful for characterizing the wettability of surfaces. A surface that is easy to wet is one over which a coating is more likely to give good adhesion and appearance and less likely to suffer surface tension related defects such as crawling, cratering, pin-holing and orange peel.
This standard also can be used to test pigment surfaces for wettability, particularly by potential surfactant- or resin-based dispersants or mill bases. Easily wetted pigments are more likely to be easy to disperse and dispersants/mill bases that wet pigments of interest are more likely to disperse those pigments well. Although the contact angle is governed by the surface tensions of the test liquid and test surface, the angle cannot provide a surface tension value directly.
A low advancing contact angle value (< 45°) is indicative of wetting and angles of 10 to 20º are indicative of excellent wetting. Water can be used as a test liquid to establish (via the advancing contact angle) whether a surface is hydrophilic (angle < 45º), hydrophobic (angle > 90º) or somewhere in-between (angle of 45 to 90º). Water contact angles have been used to estimate surface cleanliness before and after cleaning operations, ease of wettability of surfaces by waterborne coatings and the effectiveness of rinsing processes.
An organic liquid such as a solvent also can be used to characterize a substrate, coating or pigment. The resultant contact angle will depend on the surface tensions of the liquid and the test surface. A low surface tension (energy) test surface will not be wetted by a liquid with high surface tension. In addition to water and solvents, a surfactant dispersion or dispersant solution can be used to test a pigment surface. Any test liquid that is a potential dispersant for a test pigment must wet the pigment well or it will not work as a dispersant.
Contact angle measurements can be used to map surfaces in terms of hydrophilicity, presence of low surface tension components or contaminants, or variations in composition. Other analytical methods such as infrared microscopy would be needed to identify the chemical moieties that give the contact angle differences.
This test method can be used on nearly all coatings and substrates and may be extended to pigments by compressing the pigment powder into a solid disk.
1.1 This practice covers the measurement of the angle of contact when a drop of liquid is applied to a coated surface, substrate, or preformed disk of pigment.
1.2 There are two types of contact angles, advancing and receding. This standard deals only with advancing contact angles.
1.3 This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturer’s instructions for the device being used to make the measurements, but is not intended to replace them.
1.4 A common test liquid is water, but many other liquids such as solvents, surfactant and dispersant solutions and even liquid paints can be used.
1.5 This practice is based on goniometry, which involves the observation of a sessile drop of test liquid on a solid substrate.
1.6 Although contact angles are governed by surface tension, this standard cannot be used to measure surface tension directly.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
The method described in this standard is based on the concept that the total free energy at a surface is the sum of contributions from different intermolecular forces, such as dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding. There are other techniques that employ three components (dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding). These methods are further complicated by needing three to five test liquids and are not practical for routine testing. This method uses contact angles of two liquids to provide data for the calculation of two components, dispersion, γsd, and polar, γsp.
Dispersion and polar component data, along with the total solid surface tension, are useful for explaining or predicting wetting or adhesion, or both, of coatings on pretreatments, substrates and other coatings. Low solid surface tension values often are a sign of contamination and portend potential wetting problems. High polar components may signal polar contamination. There is evidence in the literature that matching of polar components of topcoats and primers gives better adhesion.
Solid surface tensions of pigments, particularly the polar components, may be useful in understanding dispersion problems or to provide signals for the composition of dispersants and mill bases. However, comparison of pigments may be difficult if there are differences in the roughness or porosity, or both, of the disks prepared from them.
Although this technique is very useful in characterizing surfaces, evaluating surface-active additives and explaining problems, it is not designed to be a quality control or specification test.
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the measurement of contact angles of two liquids, one polar and the other nonpolar, of known surface tension on a substrate, pigment (in the form of a disk), or cured or air dried coating in order to calculate the surface properties (surface tension and its dispersion and polar components) of the solid.
1.2 The total solid surface tension range that can be determined using this method is approximately 20 to 60 dynes/cm.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
The ability of polymer films to retain inks, coatings, adhesives, etc. is primarily dependent on the character of their surfaces and can be improved by one of several surface-treating techniques. The electrical discharge treatment, such as corona treatment, has been found to increase the wetting tension of a polymer film. The stronger the treatment, the more actively the surface reacts with different polar interfaces. It is therefore possible to relate the contact angle of a polymer film surface to its ability to accept and retain inks, coatings, adhesives, etc., if the ink, coating, or adhesive contains the polar functionalities. Contact angle in itself is not a completely acceptable measure of ink, coating, or adhesive adhesion.
The wetting tension of a polymer film belongs to a group of physical parameters for which no standard of accuracy exists. The wetting tension of a polymer cannot be measured directly because solids do not change shape measurably in reaction to surface energy. Many indirect methods have been proposed. Different test methods tend to produce different results on identical samples. Practical determination of a solid’s surface energy uses this interaction of the solid with test liquids.
Although the level of surface treatment of polymer films has been traditionally defined in the industry in terms of dynes/cm (mN/m), these values are derived from a subjective interpretation of the observed test liquid behavior.
The following ranges of water contact angle values can be used as a guide for defining the level of surface treatment of polyolefins and many other polymer films with initial low surface energies:
| Level of treatment | Water contact angle |
| Marginal or no treatment | >90° |
| Low treatment | 85-90° |
| Medium treatment | 78-84° |
| High treatment | 71-77° |
| Very high treatment | <71° |
The suitability of the test for specification acceptance, manufacturing control, and end use of polymer films will have to be established through capability studies for each particular film and treatment.
Almost all materials have variations in contact angle as one moves from point to point. Non-uniform treatment of film with corona treaters may also add variability to the results. Therefore, multiple measurements are necessary to reflect variation in treatment and surface roughness.
1.1 This test method covers
Note 1—This test method is identical to ISO 15989.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
The contact angle test is nondestructive and may be used for control and evaluation of processes for the removal of hydrophobic contaminants. The test may also be used for the detection and control of hydrophobic contaminants in processing ambients. For this application, a surface free of hydrophobic films is exposed to
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
In the absence of water,
The corrosivity of crude oil containing water can be determined by a combination of three properties (Fig. 1) (1
Water and oil are immiscible but, under certain conditions, they can form
Whether
In the contact angle method, the tendency of water to displace hydrocarbon from steel is measured directly by observing the behavior of the three-phase system. The contact angle is determined by the surface tensions (surface free energies) of the three phases. A hydrocarbon-steel interface will be replaced by a water-steel interface if this action will result in an energy decrease of the system. To determine whether the surface is oil wet, mixed wet, or water wet, the angle at the oil-water-solid intersection is observed and measured.
In the spreading method of determining wettability, the resistance between steel pins is measured. If a conducting phase (for example, water) covers (wets) the distance between the pins, conductivity between them will be high. On the other hand, if a non-conducting phase (for example, oil) covers (wets) the distance between the pins, the conductivity between them will be low.
Dissolution of ingredients from crude oils may alter the corrosiveness of the aqueous phase. Based on how the corrosivity of the aqueous phase changes in its presence,
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather a range of approaches that have found application in evaluating the corrosivity of crude oil.
1.3 Only those methodologies that have found wide acceptance in crude oil corrosivity evaluation are considered in this guide.
1.4 This guide does not address the change in oil/water ratio caused by
1.5 This guide is intended to assist in the selection of methodologies that can be used for determining the corrosivity of crude oil under conditions in which water is present in the liquid state (typically up to 100°C). These conditions normally occur during oil and gas production, storage, and transportation in the pipelines.
1.6 This guide does not cover the evaluation of corrosivity of crude oil at higher temperatures (typically above 300°C) that occur during refining crude oil in refineries.
1.7 This guide involves the use of electrical currents in the presence of flammable liquids. Awareness of fire safety is critical for the safe use of this guide.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ISO 15989:2004 specifies a method of measuring the contact angle of water droplets on corona-treated polymer film surfaces and subsequently determining the wetting tension of the film.
The method is applicable to practically any polymer film. It is not applicable, however, if the surface of the film exhibits a chemical affinity for water.
ISO 27448:2009 deals with fine ceramics.
ISO 27448:2009 specifies a test method for the determination of the self-cleaning performance of materials that contain a photocatalyst or have photocatalytic films on the surface, and which are usually made from semiconducting metal oxides such as titanium dioxide.
This method is used to measure the water contact angle under illumination with ultraviolet light, which is one of the indices influencing the self-cleaning performance of photocatalytic materials.
ISO 27448:2009 does not include water-permeable substrates, rough surfaces that do not have exposed water droplets, highly hydrophobic, powder or granular materials, or visible light-sensitive photocatalysts.
This document specifies the method for optical assessment of the contact angle between water and the surface of paper and board, where the process of droplet formation, application to planar substrates, or measurement of the droplet shape in contact with the solid is performed by automated equipment.
The limits of measurement are determined by the capabilities of the instrumentation used. The instrumental capabilities defined by this document use a digital image capturing system operating at a minimum of 50 frames per second and needs the ability to perform the first measurement after no more than 20 ms to 40 ms contact between the droplet and substrate.
The test method is applicable to most kinds of paper or board however it cannot be applicable to structured materials.
In this method (1-3), the contact angle between air and liquid on a paper surface is taken as a measure of the resistance of the paper surface to wetting by the liquid.
The initial angle of contact or initial wettability is considered to be a measure of the ruling quality of the paper. The rate of change in the wettability is considered to be a measure of the writing quality.
There are other important purposes for which surface wettability of a paper by contact angle measurement may be of interest, for example, with regard to adhesives. However, considerable modification of the procedure might be required. Hence, this procedure is restricted to ruling and writing purposes.
T 558 describes the measurement of surface wettability and absorbency of sheeted materials like paper using an automated contact angle tester. Contact angle measurements can be used to study relative sorptive rates of uncoated sorbent papers or to study the relatively printing or writing characteristics of coated or sized printing and writing papers.
This test method is an automated approach to contact angle measurement applicable to a wide range of sheeted materials and liquids where interfacial contact angles range from near zero to near 180°.
Here you can find information about the following standards:
These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of solutions of surface-active agents using a tensiometer. Method A covers aqueous solutions of surface-active
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of solutions of surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D459. Two methods are covered as follows:
1.2 Method A is written primarily to cover aqueous solutions of surface-active
1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More than one solute component may be present, including solute components that are not in themselves surface-active.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage
Interfacial tension measurements on electrical insulating oils provide a sensitive means of detecting small amounts of soluble polar contaminants and products of oxidation. A high value for new mineral insulating oil indicates the absence of most undesirable polar contaminants. The test is frequently applied to service-aged oils as an indication of the degree of deterioration.
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the interfacial tension between mineral oil and water, under non-equilibrium conditions.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Interfacial tension (IFT) of insulating oil against water has been used for a long time as a criterion for
Unlike ASTM D971 which provides only a single value at quite a short time, IEC 62961 extends the measurement with the aim to be more accurate and to be able to distinguish especially the differences between differently aged ester oils.
ISO 1409:2006 specifies a ring method for the determination of the surface tension of polymer dispersions and rubber lattices (natural and synthetic).
The method is valid for polymer dispersions and rubber lattices with a viscosity less than 200 mPa·s. To achieve this, the dispersion or latex is diluted with water to a mass fraction of total solids of 40 %. If necessary, the solids content is further reduced to ensure that the viscosity is under the specified limit.
The method is also suitable for pre-vulcanized lattices and compounded materials.
This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the surface tension (in N/m) of aqueous solutions. The methods are based on the measurement of the force which it is necessary to exert vertically on a stirrup or ring, in contact with the surface of the liquid, in order to separate it from the surface, or on a plate, with an edge in contact with the surface, in order to draw up the film that has formed. There are four different methods: the plate method, the stirrup method, the ring method
This document specifies test methods for the determination of interfacial tension in the range from 4 mN/m to 50 mN/m between two immiscible liquids that can also be free from surface-active agents. It is particularly suitable for determining the interfacial tension between water or aqueous solutions and organic liquids that are immiscible with water.
This standard specifies test methods for the determination of surface tension of liquids, particularly surface-active agent solutions. The methods are suitable for determining the static surface tension of liquids, for
