| Sensor description |
Model system examples |
Application examples |
| Aluminium (Al) |
Electrodes |
Electrochemistry, lithium insertion, energy |
| Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) |
Water treatment plant, nanoparticles |
Environmental |
| AlSiO |
Kaolinite mimic |
Energy, mining |
| Amine Coupling |
Biological, biochemical interactions |
Antibody optimization, protein-protein interactions and probing of conformational changes |
| Amorphous Fluoropolymer AF1600 from DuPont |
Teflon, non-stick surfaces, inert surfaces |
Protein surfaces, cleaning and detergent analysis, petroleum |
| Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) |
Dielectric ceramic used for capacitors |
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| Biotin (on gold) |
Biological, biochemical interaction |
Molecular biology, protein interactions, antigens |
| Borosilicate glass |
Labware, syringes, cookware |
Pharmaceuticals, cleaning and detergent anlysis |
| Cellulose (on SiO2) |
Fabric, filter, fiber |
Enzyme interactions, cleaning and detergent analysis, electrochemistry, biofuels |
| Chromium (Cr) |
Coating |
Corrosion, electronics |
| Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) |
Used as pigment and occurs in nature as the mineral eskolaite |
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| Cobalt (Co) |
Orthopedic implant, battery, pigment, porcelain |
Medical device, energy, electroplating |
| Copper (Cu) |
Wire, cables, coating |
Corrosion, antifouling |
| Gold (Au) |
Universal surface |
Thiols, anything – everything sticks to gold |
| Gold (Au) without front electrode |
Allows for own electrode material |
|
| Gold (Ti Adhesion) |
Universal surface |
Fundamental electrochemistry |
| His-tag Capturing |
Biological, biochemical interactions |
Antibody studies, protein-protein, probing of conformational changes |
| Hydroxyapatite |
Bone, teeth, bioinspired material, mineral |
Biomaterials, medical device |
| Iron (Fe) |
Combustion engine, nano particles |
Corrosion, environmental transport, energy |
| Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) |
Hematite mimic, nanoparticles, pipelines |
Solar energy, photocatalyst, energy, environmental |
| Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) |
Magnetite mimic, pipelines, nanoparticles |
Pigment catalyst, corrosion, biofilm formation, environmental transport, energy |
| Indium Tin Oxide (ITO on Au) |
Solar panel |
Energy, solar cells |
| Magnesium (Mg) |
Mineral |
Energy, mining, also used in cars, bikes, cell phones |
| Molybdenum (Mo) |
Mineral |
Energy, mining (also replaces Tungsten in some applications and used as fertilizer) |
| Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) |
Mineral |
Mining |
| NHS-Amine Coupling |
Biological, biochemical interaction |
Protein interactions, molecular biology, antigens |
| Nylon “6,6” |
Nylon fabric |
Cleaning and detergent analysis |
| Palladium (Pd) |
Catalyst |
Catalysis |
| Polyethylenimine (PEI) |
Additive, flocculating agent |
Detergents, adhesives, water treatment agents, cosmetics, wet-strength agent in the paper-making process. |
| Platinum (Pt) |
Electrodes |
Fuel cells, catalytic converters, energy |
| Polystyrene (PS) |
Hydrophobic surface, filters |
Cell studies, inert surfaces, filter interaction, medical device |
| Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) |
Plexiglass, microfluidic material, biomaterial, bonecement, dentalfilling, lenses |
Biomedical, aquariums, car headlights |
| Polyvinylidene Fluoride(PVDF) |
Plastic, pharmaceutical filter and falcon tube |
Container interactions, harmaceutical industry |
| Silicon (Si) |
Semiconductor |
Energy, etching |
| Silicon Carbide (SiC) |
Rare mineral moissanite, carbone supporters, electrodes |
Energy, catalysts, electronics |
| Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) |
Glass |
Etching processes, silanization, cleaning and detergent analysis |
| Silicon Nitride (SiN) |
Biomaterials, integrated circuits |
Electronics, medical device |
| Silicon Oxycarbide (SiOC) |
Carbon supports, electrodes |
Catalysts, LEDs, brakes, graphene production, energy |
| Silver (Ag) |
Nano particles, antimicrobial coating |
Environmental transport, coatings, materials |
| Soda-lime glass |
Household glass (bottles, jars) labware |
Cleaning products, surface interactions |
| Stainless Steel (SS2343, US 316) |
Acid resistant steel |
Environmental, polluted industrial or city environments |
| Stainless Steel (L605) |
Stents |
Medical device, biomaterials, blood coagulation |
| Tantalum (Ta) |
Electrodes, reactors |
Alloys, electronics, energy |
| Tantalum Nitride (TaN) |
Electrodes |
Electronics |
| Titanium (Ti) |
Medical implants |
Medical device, biomaterials |
| Tungsten (W) |
Electrodes |
Etching processes |
| Zinc Oxide (ZnO) |
Minerals |
Mining, energy, rubber manufacture, ceramic industry, calamine lotion |
| Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) |
Mineral |
Energy, mining, luminiscent and optical material, pigment |
| Zirconium Oxide (ZrO) |
Ceramics, fuel cell, membrane |
Alloys sintering, energy |
Standardized soils*
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| Standardized used cooking oil |
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| Mixed starch, colored |
(CFT DM 77) |
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| Egg Yolk, double |
(CFT DM 22) |
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| Coffee with milk |
(CFT DM 83) |
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